Chidule cha zofunikira zoyezetsa ma microbiological
2024 - 01 - 24 15:14:33
Zofunikira ndi masitepe akuyesa kwa microbiologicalndi izi:
Zofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito Aseptic:
1.Muyenera kuvala zovala zantchito ndi chipewa chogwirira ntchito pobaya mabakiteriya.
2. Pothirira zitsanzo za chakudya, zovala zapadera zogwirira ntchito, zisoti ndi masiketi ziyenera kuvala, zomwe ziyenera kuikidwa m'chipinda chosungiramo chipinda chosabala ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito pambuyo pa UV disinfection isanayambe ntchito.
3. Mukathira zakudya zopatsa thanzi, sambani m'manja ndi sopo musanalowe m'chipinda chopanda kachilomboka, kenaka pukutani m'manja mwanu ndi 75% ya thonje ya mowa.
4. Udzu, mbale zophwanyika ndi zotengera zachikhalidwe zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pobaya zimayenera kutsekedwa ndi kutsekedwa. Zotengera zosagwiritsidwa ntchito zisasiyidwe zosagwiritsidwa ntchito mutatsegula phukusi. Ziwiya zachitsulo ziyenera kukhala autoclaved kapena kuwotchedwa katatu ndi 95% mowa musanagwiritse ntchito.
5. Pochotsa udzuwo m’phukusi, nsonga ya udzuyo isakhudze mbali zoonekera. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito udzuwo kupopera chubu choyesera kapena mbale, nsonga ya udzuyo isakhudze m'mphepete mwa chubu choyesera kapena mbale.
6. Kuyika zitsanzo ndi kusamutsa mabakiteriya kuyenera kuchitika kutsogolo kwa nyali ya mowa. Pothira mabakiteriya kapena zitsanzo, udzuwo uyenera kutsekedwa ndi moto mukautulutsa mu phukusi ndikutsegula choyimitsa choyezera.
7. Musanalowetse mabakiteriya, mawaya onse achitsulo a chitsulo cha inoculation ndi singano ayenera kuwotchedwa ndi moto, ndipo ngati kuli kofunikira, kugwirizana pakati pa chipika, singano ndi ndodo ziyenera kuwotchedwa. The inoculation kuzungulira kwa inoculating TB mabakiteriya ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ayenera yowiritsa m'madzi otentha kwa mphindi 5, ndiyeno Kuwotchedwa ndi lawi lamoto.
8. Mukayamwa madzi a bakiteriya kapena zitsanzo ndi udzu, gwiritsani ntchito nsonga ya rabara kuti muyamwe, ndipo musayamwe ndi pakamwa panu.
Zofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito zipinda zosabala:
1. Mazenera opita kunja kwa chipinda chosabala akuyenera kukhala pawiri-wonyezimira ndi osindikizidwa. Asamatsegulidwe mwa kufuna kwake. Payenera kukhala chipinda chotchinga ndi khomo lolowera lolingana ndi kukula kwa chipindacho chosabala. Payeneranso kukhala zenera laling'ono la 0.5 ~ 0.7m2. Pokonzekera zinthu zodutsa mutalowa m'chipinda chosabala.
2. Chipinda chosabala chizikhala chaukhondo. Pambuyo pa ntchito, iyenera kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi 2% mpaka 3% ya sopo ya cresol, malo ogwirira ntchito akuyenera kufufutidwa, ndipo zinthu zosagwirizana ndi kuyesa siziyenera kusungidwa.
3. Chitseko cha chipinda chosabala chiyenera kutsekedwa mwamphamvu musanagwiritse ntchito ndi pambuyo pake, ndipo nyali ya ultraviolet iyenera kuyatsidwa. Ngati nyali ya ultraviolet yoyimitsidwa m'nyumba ikugwiritsidwa ntchito popha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, nyali ya 30W ya ultraviolet ikufunika. Mtunda wake ndi 1.0m, ndipo nthawi yothira siichepera mphindi 30. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito nyali za ultraviolet, ziyenera kulipidwa kuti Zigwire ntchito molunjika pansi pa kuwala kwa ultraviolet kuti zisawonongeke. Nyaliyo iyenera kupukuta pang'onopang'ono ndi mpira wa thonje wa mowa kwa milungu iwiri iliyonse kuti ichotse fumbi ndi mafuta kuti muchepetse mphamvu ya ultraviolet kulowa.
4. Mukamakonza ndi kulowetsa zakudya zopatsa thanzi, lowetsani chipinda chosabala kuti mugwire ntchito ndipo musaloledwe kulowa kapena kutuluka mwakufuna kwanu. Ngati zinthu zikufunika kuperekedwa, zikhoza kudutsa pawindo laling'ono.
5. Ngati choziziritsa mpweya chiyenera kuikidwa mu chipinda chosabala, payenera kukhala chipangizo chosefera.
Zofunikira za Disinfection ndi Sterilization
Glassware, ziwiya zitsulo ndi chikhalidwe TV ntchitokuyesa kwa microbiological, zikhalidwe zoipitsidwa ndi zotsekemera, ndi zina zotero ziyenera kutsekedwa musanagwiritse ntchito. Kutentha kowuma ndi njira zochepetsera kutentha kwamadzi.
1. Kukonzekera musanatseke
(1) Zinthu zonse zomwe ziyenera kutsukidwa ziyenera kutsukidwa ndikuumitsidwa kaye. Zovala zamagalasi monga udzu ndi mbale zophwanyika ziyenera kudzazidwa ndi mapepala mwamphamvu. Ngati machubu achitsulo agwiritsidwa ntchito, mabowo olowera mpweya ayenera kutsegulidwa.
(2) Manga choyimitsira botolo la katatu chomwe chili ndi sing'anga ya chikhalidwe m'mapepala, kuphimba chubu choyesera, ndikutulutsa pakati pa syringe, ndikukulunga ndi gauze.
2. kukhazikitsa
(1) Chowumitsa chowumitsa kutentha: Zinthuzo zisachuluke ndipo sizingakhudze makoma anayi a bokosilo.
(2) Chachikulu - Chophika chophikira nthunzi: Ikani zinthu zosawilitsidwa, zikulungani padera, ndi kuziyika mwachindunji mu silinda yotsekera. Osachulutsa zinthu.
3. Kuwunika kwa zida
(1) Onani ngati chosinthira chitseko chikhoza kusinthasintha, ngati mphete ya rabara yawonongeka komanso ngati ili yathyathyathya.
(2) Onani ngati mphamvu yopimira imakhala paziro pamene nthunzi yatha, tsekani chitseko ndi chivundikiro, tsegulani mpweya kapena kutentha, ndipo muwone ngati mpweya watuluka, ngati pali zinthu zimene zimadziwika ndi kupima mphamvu ndi thermometer, ndiponso ngati payipi yatsekeka.
(3) For sterilizers with automatic electronic program control devices, the specified program should be checked before use to see whether it meets the requirements for sterilization.
4. Chithandizo chotsekereza
(1) Njira yowumitsa kutentha:
Njirayi ndi yoyenera kuzinthu zomwe sizikuwononga, kuwonongeka, kapena kutuluka nthunzi pansi pa kutentha kouma. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochotsa magalasi, zinthu zachitsulo, zinthu za ceramic, ndi zina zambiri.
①Zida ndi ziwiya ziyenera kutsukidwa musanawume-kuphika kuti dothi lomwe lili pamwamba lisakhale ndi mpweya.
② Pakutsekereza, zinthuzo zisadzachuluke, osalumikizana mwachindunji pansi ndi khoma la bokosilo, ndikusiya mipata pakati pa zinthu.
③ Panthawi yotseketsa, tsekani chitseko mwamphamvu, gwirizanitsani magetsi, tsegulani dzenje la mpweya kwa mphindi pafupifupi 30 kuti muchotse mpweya wozizira mu sterilizer, sinthani kuwala kwa chizindikiro pamene kutentha kumakwera kufika 160 ° C, ndikusunga kwa maola 1.5 mpaka 2.
④Kutsekera kukamalizidwa kapena panthawi ya kutentha, chitseko chiyenera kutsegulidwa pansi pa 60 ° C.
2
① Onjezani 3L yamadzi pamutu waukulu wa chophikira chopondera, ndi 16L yamadzi ku chophika choyimirira (kuchuluka kwa madzi kuyenera kuwonjezeredwa akagwiritsidwanso ntchito, ndipo madziwo amayenera kusinthidwa ngati achita chipwirikiti);
② Pa chophikira chosavuta kunyamula, ikani chitoliro chopopera pamwamba pa chivundikiro chapamwamba mu chubu chapakati pakhoma la mbiya yotsekera (zosungunulira zopanda mapaipi kapena zokhala ndi payipi zong'ambika siziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito);
③ Phimbani chivundikiro chapamwamba ndikuchilimbitsa mwamphamvu kuti mupewe kutuluka kwa mpweya; ikani chowumitsa pamoto kuti chitenthe, yatsani mphamvu ya chophikira chowotcha, ndikutsegula valavu yotulutsa mpweya pamwamba pa chivundikiro kuti mpweya utuluke (kutulutsa mpweya kwa mphindi 10 mpaka 15 madzi atawira) );
④ Tsekani valavu yotulutsa mpweya kuti mukweze kuthamanga kwa nthunzi pazomwe zafotokozedwa ndikuzisunga kwa nthawi yodziwika (kutengera mtundu wa zinthu zosawilitsidwa ndi zochitika zoyenera);
⑤ Pambuyo pa nthawi yoikidwiratu, pazinthu zomwe ziyenera kuuma, nthawi yomweyo mutsegule valve yotulutsa mpweya kuti mutulutse nthunzi. Kuthamanga kukabwerera ku ziro, kuziziziritsa mwachibadwa mpaka 60 ° C ndiyeno tsegulani chivindikiro kuti mutulutse zinthuzo. Ngati ndi chinthu chamadzimadzi, musatsegule valve yotulutsa mpweya. Mphika uyenera kuchotsedwa ku gwero la kutentha nthawi yomweyo ndikuloledwa kuti uzizizira mwachibadwa mpaka kukakamiza kubwereranso ku ziro ndipo kutentha kumatsika pansi pa 60 ° C musanatsegule chivindikiro kuti mutulutse zomwe zili mkati kuti muteteze kuwonongeka kwadzidzidzi kwamadzimadzi kuchokera kuwira kapena kuphulika kwa chidebecho.
(3) Tsatirani izi kuti mugwiritse ntchito chowumitsa chowotcha chopingasa chopingasa chophikira:
① Tsekani chitseko champhika mwamphamvu, tsegulani valavu yolowera mpweya, yambitsani nthunzi mu mezzanine kuti muyambe kutentha, ndipo mpweya wozizira wa mezzanine umangotulutsidwa kudzera pa chotchinga mpweya;
②After the interlayer reaches the predetermined temperature, open the air inlet valve of the pot chamber, introduce the steam into the pot chamber, and the cold air in the pot chamber will be automatically discharged through the pot chamber air arrester;
③Pamene kukanikiza ndi kutentha m'chipinda champhika kukafika kukakamiza komweku, sinthani valavu yolowera mpweya kuti ikhale yosasinthasintha;
④ Muziziziritsa kutentha mwachilengedwe kapena mongoyerekeza mpaka 60 ℃ musanatsegule chitseko kuti mutulutse zinthuzo. Osagwiritsa ntchito njira yothamangitsira mwachangu kuti mupewe kuthamanga kwadzidzidzi, kuwira kwamphamvu kwamadzimadzi kapena kuphulika kwa chidebecho;
⑤ Mukamagwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu yodziwikiratu-yowongolera kuthamanga kwa nthunzi yoziziritsa kukhosi, mutayika zinthuzo ndikutseka chitseko mwamphamvu, chosinthira chofananiracho chiyenera kukanikizidwa molingana ndi gulu la zinthuzo kuti kutsekereza kutha kuchitika molingana ndi njira zomwe zimafunikira. Panthawi yotseketsa, chida cholumikizidwa chiyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kujambula kutentha ndi nthawi. Kuti mudziwe zamtsogolo, zofunikira zogwirira ntchito ziyenera kukhala zogwirizana ndi malangizo a wopanga;
5. Kutsekereza kutentha ndi nthawi
(1) Sterilization kutentha youma kutentha sterilizer ndi 160 ℃, 1.5 ~ 2h.
(2) Kutentha kotsekereza ndi nthawi yamphamvu yowumitsa nthunzi
Njira yotseketsa pakanthawi
1. Njira yotsekera:
Gwiritsani ntchito sterilization ya nthunzi popanda kukakamizidwa. Zinthu zina zimaonongeka mosavuta ndi kutsekereza kwamphamvu kwa nthunzi, kotero njira iyi itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito potsekereza.
(1) Ikani zinthu zoti zichotsedwe mumphika, phimbani chivundikiro chapamwamba, tsegulani potulutsa madzi, ndi kukhetsa madzi otsala mumphikawo.
(2) Tsekani potulukira, tsegulani chitseko cholowera mpweya, ndi kuthira tizilombo kwa mphindi 10 mpaka 20 ngati pakufunika kutero.
(3) Pambuyo potseketsa, tsekani chitseko cholowera mpweya, chotsani zinthuzo ndikudikirira kuti zizizire mpaka kutentha kwa chipinda, ziike mu chofungatira cha 37°C usiku wonse, ndipo pitirizani kuthirira motsatira njira yomwe ili pamwambayi tsiku lotsatira. Chitani izi katatu kuti mukwaniritse cholinga chotsekereza.
2. Momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito serum coagulator:
Pamene chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe chili ndi zinthu zapadera monga seramu kapena mazira, kutentha kwakukulu kumawononga zakudya zake. Chifukwa chake, kutentha pang'ono kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kupangira seramu ndikukwaniritsa zolinga zotseketsa:
(1) Mukamagwiritsa ntchito seramu yotsekedwa ndi njira iyi kuti aliquot, maopaleshoni a aseptic ayenera kutsatiridwa mosamalitsa, ndipo machubu oyesera ndi mbale ziyeneranso kutsekedwa musanagwiritse ntchito;
(2) Pangani chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe kukhala malo otsetsereka kapena okwera ngati pakufunika. Mukathira madzi okwanira, gwirizanitsani magetsi, kwezani kutentha kwa 75 ~ 90 ° C kwa ola limodzi ndikusakaniza. Ikani mu chofungatira cha 37 ° C usiku wonse, ndiyeno musiye katatu.
3. Wiritsani ndi kupha tizilombo:
Mukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito mphika wowira kapena sterilizer. Madzi akawira, wiritsani kwa mphindi 5 mpaka 15. Mukhozanso kuwonjezera 2% carbolic acid m'madzi ndikuphika kwa mphindi zisanu. Onjezani 0.02% formaldehyde ndikuphika pa 80 ° C kwa mphindi 60 kuti mukwaniritse cholinga chotseketsa. Komabe, kuthirira kowiritsa kumatha kutheka. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito zowonjezera, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa pakuwonongeka kwa zinthu.
4. Chithandizo chotsekereza:
Pambuyo pochotsa choletsa, zinthu zimakhala kale zosabala ngati zili bwino. Ayenera kuyang'aniridwa mosamala ndi kuikidwa pamene achotsedwa mu sterilizer kuti apewe kuipitsidwanso;
(1) Chotsani zinthuzo ndikuwona kukhulupirika kwa paketiyo nthawi yomweyo. Ngati pali kuwonongeka kapena tampon yachotsedwa, singagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zinthu zosabala;
(2) Zinthu zomwe zatulutsidwa sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zinthu zopanda pake ngati zoyikapo zawo mwachiwonekere zanyowa m'madzi;
(3) Sing'anga chikhalidwe kapena reagents ayenera kufufuzidwa kuti awone ngati kukumana mtundu kapena boma pambuyo yolera yotseketsa. Amene sakukwaniritsa zofunikira ayenera kutayidwa;
(4) Kwa zotsegula-tseka zotengera, mabowo a skrini ayenera kutsekedwa powatulutsa;
(5) Ngati zinthu zomwe zachotsedwazo zigwera pansi, zatayika pamalo odetsedwa, kapena zodetsedwa ndi madzi, zimaonedwa kuti ndi zoipitsidwa ndipo sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zinthu zosabala;
(6) Zinthu zoyengedwa bwino zomwe zatulutsidwa ziyenera kusungidwa m'chipinda chosungiramo kapena fumbi-kabati yowona, ndipo ndizoletsedwa kusakaniza ndi zinthu zosaseweretsa;
(7) Zinthu zonse zoyenerera ziyenera kulembedwa tsiku lotsekera ndi tsiku lotha ntchito;
(8) Gulu lililonse la njira zotsekera likamalizidwa, lembani dzina, kuchuluka, kutentha, nthawi, ndi wogwiritsa ntchito zoletsa.
Zofunikira pochiza zinyalala zapoizoni ndi mabakiteriya
Experimental equipment and cultures used in microbiological experiments must not be taken out of the laboratory without disinfection.
1. Zinthu zoipitsidwa ndi zinyalala zomwe zakonzedwa ziyenera kuikidwa muzotengera zothina kwambiri kapena madengu a waya ndikusungidwa pakati pa malo osankhidwa mpaka zitapangidwa mofanana.
2. Zikhalidwe zoipitsidwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ziyenera kukhala autoclaved pa 121 ° C kwa mphindi 30.
3. Mukagwiritsidwa ntchito, udzu woipitsidwa uyenera kuikidwa mu 5% creol soap solution kapena carbolic acid solution, zoviikidwa kwa maola osachepera 24 (mankhwala ophera tizilombo sayenera kukhala otsika kusiyana ndi kutalika kwake), ndiyeno amatsukidwa ndi kuthamanga kwambiri pa 121 ° C kwa mphindi 30.
4. Madzi akuthirira ndi kutsuka zopaka amatha kuponyedwa mu ngalande. Madzi ochapira a mabakiteriya owopsa ayenera kuponyedwa mu beaker ndi kutsekedwa ndi kuthamanga kwambiri asanatsanulidwe mu ngalande. Zithunzi zodetsedwa zimayikidwa mu 5% sopo sopo solution. Mutaviika m'madzi kwa maola 24, wiritsani ndi kusamba. Ma slide kapena mbale zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa agglutination ziyenera kutsekedwa ndi kutsukidwa.
5. Mukathyola chikhalidwecho, nthawi yomweyo tsitsani ndikuviika mbali zowonongeka ndi 5% cresol sopo solution kapena carbolic acid solution, zilowerere kwa theka la ola ndikupukuta.
Zovala zantchito zomwe zili ndi kachilombo kapena zovala zantchito, zipewa, zophimba nkhope, ndi zina zotere zomwe zimavalidwa poyezetsa zachiwawa ziyenera kuikidwa m'matumba apadera ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndikumatsekeredwa ndi kuthamanga kwambiri musanachapitsidwe.
Zofunikira zokonzekera zapakati
Ubwino wa kukonzekera sing'anga chikhalidwe kudzakhudza mwachindunji kukula kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, chifukwa tizilombo zosiyanasiyana ndi zofunika zakudya zosiyanasiyana ndi chikhalidwe zolinga. Zofunikira pokonzekera zamitundu yosiyanasiyana yazachikhalidwe ndi izi:
1. Yesani zosakaniza molingana ndi ndondomeko ya sing'anga, ndiyeno muzizisungunulire m'madzi osungunuka. Ubwino wa reagents ntchito ndi mankhwala ayenera anayendera pamaso ntchito.
2. Muyeso wa pH ndi kusintha: Muyeso wa pH uyenera kuchitidwa pamene chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe chakhazikika mpaka kutentha, chifukwa pali kusiyana kwina kwa pH pansi pa kutentha kapena kuzizira. Muyezo ukatha, onjezerani alkali kapena asidi molingana ndi kuchuluka kwake ndikusakaniza bwino. Ayesedwenso. Phindu la pH la sing'anga ya chikhalidwe liyenera kukhala lolondola, mwinamwake lidzakhudza kukula kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kapena kukhudza kuwonetsetsa kwa zotsatira. Komabe, ziyenera kudziwidwa kuti -kutsekereza kwamphamvu kumatha kukhudza kutsika kapena kuchulukira kwa pH ya media zachikhalidwe, chifukwa chake sikoyenera kutseketsa pampanipani kwambiri kapena nthawi zambiri kuti tipewe kusokoneza chikhalidwe cha sing'anga. Zizindikiro, sodium deoxycholate, agar, ndi zina zambiri zimawonjezera pambuyo posintha pH.
3. Sing'anga ya chikhalidwe iyenera kukhala yomveka bwino kuti muwonetsetse kukula kwa bakiteriya. Sing'angayo ikatenthedwa ndikuwiritsa, imatha kusefedwa ndi thonje kapena flannel kuti muchotse matope. Ngati ndi kotheka, zikhoza kufotokozedwa ndi dzira loyera. Nsalu za agar zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ziyenera kutsukidwa ndikuwumitsidwa pasadakhale. Musanagwiritse ntchito, pewani kukhudza kuwonekera chifukwa cha zonyansa mu agar.
4. Chitsulo, mkuwa ndi zotengera zina zisagwiritsidwe ntchito posungira chikhalidwe. Ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito zotengera zagalasi zolimba zoyera.
5. Kutseketsa kwa sing'anga ya chikhalidwe sikungoyenera kukwaniritsa cholinga cha kutsekereza kwathunthu, komanso kusamala kuti musachepetse kufunikira kwake kwa zakudya chifukwa cha kutentha. Nthawi zambiri, 121 ° C kwa mphindi 15 ndikwanira. Kwa media media okhala ndi zinthu zomwe sizilolera kutentha kwambiri monga shuga ndi seramu, gelatin, ndi zina zotere, ziyenera kutsekedwa ndi kutentha pang'ono kapena njira yapakatikati. Ma reagents ena omwe sangathe kutenthedwa, monga potaziyamu tellurite, yolk ya dzira, TTC, maantibayotiki, ndi zina zotero, ayenera kuziziritsa pafupifupi 50 ° C pambuyo pa agar woyambirira ndi autoclaved ndikuwonjezeredwa;
6. Gulu lililonse la media media likakonzedwa, kuyezetsa kakulidwe kowuma ndi kuyezetsa kakulidwe koyesedwa kayenera kuchitidwa. Ngati ndi biochemical Culture sing'anga, gwiritsani ntchito mitundu yofananira ya bakiteriya poyikira ndi chikhalidwe, ndikuwona zotsatira zake. Iyenera kuwonetsa zomwe zimachitika. Sing'anga ya chikhalidwe sayenera kusungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali. Ngati ndi kotheka, ikhoza kusungidwa mufiriji ya 4 ° C.
7. Pakali pano, pali mitundu yambiri ya media media owuma. Gulu lililonse liyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yofananira poyesa kukula kapena kuwunika kwa biochemical reaction. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazachikhalidwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pokhapokha kuyesa kwa kukula kwa mitundu yofananirako kuli bwino. Zangogulidwa kumene kapena zouma zomwe zasungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito. PH ya sing'anga ya chikhalidwe iyeneranso kuyesedwa pokonzekera, ndipo mlingo ndi njira ziyenera kutsatiridwa motsatira malangizo a mankhwala.
8. Ma reagents amankhwala, zoletsa zoletsa, zotsatira za kukula kwa zovuta, ndi ogwira ntchito opanga omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pagulu lililonse lazofalitsa zachikhalidwe zokonzedwa ziyenera kujambulidwa kuti zifufuzidwe.
Zofunikira pakusonkhanitsa ndi kukonza zitsanzo
1. Zitsanzo zoyendera zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa ziyenera kukhala zoyimira. Posankha, zopangira, kukonza, mayendedwe, njira zosungiramo ndi momwe chakudya chimakhalira, malo ozungulira thanzi la chilengedwe, ndi zina zotero ziyenera kufufuzidwa mwatsatanetsatane kuti muwone ngati pali magwero oipitsidwa.
2. Malingana ndi mtundu ndi kuchuluka kwa chakudya, kuchuluka kwa zitsanzo ndi njira ziyenera kuchitidwa molingana ndi zofunikira za njira zoyendera.
3. Samalani ntchito ya aseptic poyesa, ndipo chidebecho chiyenera kutsekedwa kuti zisaipitsidwe ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Chidebecho sichiyenera kutsekedwa ndi sopo wa creosal, kutseketsa ndi chlormethionine, mowa ndi mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo, komanso chisakhale ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo kapena maantibayotiki. Pofuna kupewa kupha tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, lumo, mipeni, ndi spoons zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ziyeneranso kutsekedwa musanagwiritse ntchito.
4. Zitsanzo ziyenera kutumizidwa ku chipinda choyendera kuti akawonedwe mwamsanga pambuyo pa kusonkhanitsa. Kuyendera nthawi zambiri sikudutsa maola atatu. Ngati mtunda uli wautali, ukhoza kusungidwa m'malo a 1 ~ 5 ℃. Ngati ikufunika kuzizira, iyenera kusungidwa mufiriji. Tumizani kuti mukawunikenso.
5. Pambuyo polandira chitsanzo, chipinda choyendera chidzalembetsa (dzina lachitsanzo, gawo loyang'anira, kuchuluka, tsiku, nambala, ndi zina zotero) ndikuwona maonekedwe a chitsanzo. Ngati chimodzi mwazinthu zotsatirazi chipezeka, kuyezetsako kungakanidwe:
(1) Zitsanzo zomwe zatsekedwa ndi kuthamanga kwapadera, kuwira kapena njira zina zidzataya kufunikira kwake poimira chakudya choyambirira;
(2) Mabotolo ndi matumba a chakudya atsegulidwa, nyama yophika ndi mankhwala ake, nkhuku yophika ndi zakudya zina zathyoledwa ndi zosakwanira, ndiko kuti, mawonekedwe oyambirira a chakudya atayika (kupatulapo zitsanzo za poizoni wa chakudya);
(3) Kuchuluka kwachitsanzo sikukwanira monga kumafunikira;
Pazitsanzo zomwe zaperekedwa kuti ziwunikidwe zomwe zikugwirizana ndi zofunikira, chipinda choyendera chiyenera kuyang'anitsitsa nthawi yomweyo chikalandira. Ngati zikhalidwe sizikukwaniritsidwa, ziyenera kusungidwa mufiriji ya 4 ° C, kukonzekera kupanga zinthu panthawi yake, ndikuwunika.
6. Poyang'ana zitsanzo, chitani ndondomeko yoyenera malinga ndi katundu wawo wosiyana.
(1) Pothira zitsanzo zamadzimadzi, ziyenera kusakanizidwa bwino ndikuthiridwa molingana ndi kuchuluka kwake.
(2) Pazitsanzo zolimba, gwiritsani ntchito mpeni wosabala kuti mudule 25g ya zigawo zosiyanasiyana, kuziyika mu 225mL ya saline wosabala kapena mankhwala ena, phwanyani ndi kusakaniza ndi homogenizer, ndikuyika molingana ndi kuchuluka kwake.
(3) Mabotolo ndi matumba a chakudya ayenera kutsegulidwa ndi njira yotseketsa, ndipo njira zomwe zili pamwambazi ziyenera kusankhidwa molingana ndi makhalidwe ake asanalowemo.
Kuwunika kwachitsanzo, kujambula ndi kupereka malipoti
1. Pambuyo polandira chitsanzocho, chipinda choyendera chidzayamba kuyang'ana maonekedwe ndikuyendetsa mwamsanga kufufuza motsatira njira zoyendera dziko lonse. Panthawi yoyendera, maopaleshoni a aseptic ayenera kuchitidwa mosamala, mosamala, komanso mosamalitsazotsatira za mayeso a microbialkuipitsidwa kwa chilengedwe.
2. Njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawi yowunikira zitsanzo, zochitika ndi zotsatira zomwe zinachitika, ndi zina zotero ziyenera kulembedwa m'mabuku oyesera olembedwa monga maziko a kufufuza ndi chiweruzo cha zotsatira. Zolembazo ziyenera kukhala zatsatanetsatane, zomveka, zowona, zolinga, ndipo zisasinthidwe kapena kunyengedwa.
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Zofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito Aseptic:
1.Muyenera kuvala zovala zantchito ndi chipewa chogwirira ntchito pobaya mabakiteriya.
2. Pothirira zitsanzo za chakudya, zovala zapadera zogwirira ntchito, zisoti ndi masiketi ziyenera kuvala, zomwe ziyenera kuikidwa m'chipinda chosungiramo chipinda chosabala ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito pambuyo pa UV disinfection isanayambe ntchito.
3. Mukathira zakudya zopatsa thanzi, sambani m'manja ndi sopo musanalowe m'chipinda chopanda kachilomboka, kenaka pukutani m'manja mwanu ndi 75% ya thonje ya mowa.
4. Udzu, mbale zophwanyika ndi zotengera zachikhalidwe zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pobaya zimayenera kutsekedwa ndi kutsekedwa. Zotengera zosagwiritsidwa ntchito zisasiyidwe zosagwiritsidwa ntchito mutatsegula phukusi. Ziwiya zachitsulo ziyenera kukhala autoclaved kapena kuwotchedwa katatu ndi 95% mowa musanagwiritse ntchito.
5. Pochotsa udzuwo m’phukusi, nsonga ya udzuyo isakhudze mbali zoonekera. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito udzuwo kupopera chubu choyesera kapena mbale, nsonga ya udzuyo isakhudze m'mphepete mwa chubu choyesera kapena mbale.
6. Kuyika zitsanzo ndi kusamutsa mabakiteriya kuyenera kuchitika kutsogolo kwa nyali ya mowa. Pothira mabakiteriya kapena zitsanzo, udzuwo uyenera kutsekedwa ndi moto mukautulutsa mu phukusi ndikutsegula choyimitsa choyezera.
7. Musanalowetse mabakiteriya, mawaya onse achitsulo a chitsulo cha inoculation ndi singano ayenera kuwotchedwa ndi moto, ndipo ngati kuli kofunikira, kugwirizana pakati pa chipika, singano ndi ndodo ziyenera kuwotchedwa. The inoculation kuzungulira kwa inoculating TB mabakiteriya ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ayenera yowiritsa m'madzi otentha kwa mphindi 5, ndiyeno Kuwotchedwa ndi lawi lamoto.
8. Mukayamwa madzi a bakiteriya kapena zitsanzo ndi udzu, gwiritsani ntchito nsonga ya rabara kuti muyamwe, ndipo musayamwe ndi pakamwa panu.
Zofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito zipinda zosabala:
1. Mazenera opita kunja kwa chipinda chosabala akuyenera kukhala pawiri-wonyezimira ndi osindikizidwa. Asamatsegulidwe mwa kufuna kwake. Payenera kukhala chipinda chotchinga ndi khomo lolowera lolingana ndi kukula kwa chipindacho chosabala. Payeneranso kukhala zenera laling'ono la 0.5 ~ 0.7m2. Pokonzekera zinthu zodutsa mutalowa m'chipinda chosabala.
2. Chipinda chosabala chizikhala chaukhondo. Pambuyo pa ntchito, iyenera kupha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndi 2% mpaka 3% ya sopo ya cresol, malo ogwirira ntchito akuyenera kufufutidwa, ndipo zinthu zosagwirizana ndi kuyesa siziyenera kusungidwa.
3. Chitseko cha chipinda chosabala chiyenera kutsekedwa mwamphamvu musanagwiritse ntchito ndi pambuyo pake, ndipo nyali ya ultraviolet iyenera kuyatsidwa. Ngati nyali ya ultraviolet yoyimitsidwa m'nyumba ikugwiritsidwa ntchito popha tizilombo toyambitsa matenda, nyali ya 30W ya ultraviolet ikufunika. Mtunda wake ndi 1.0m, ndipo nthawi yothira siichepera mphindi 30. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito nyali za ultraviolet, ziyenera kulipidwa kuti Zigwire ntchito molunjika pansi pa kuwala kwa ultraviolet kuti zisawonongeke. Nyaliyo iyenera kupukuta pang'onopang'ono ndi mpira wa thonje wa mowa kwa milungu iwiri iliyonse kuti ichotse fumbi ndi mafuta kuti muchepetse mphamvu ya ultraviolet kulowa.
4. Mukamakonza ndi kulowetsa zakudya zopatsa thanzi, lowetsani chipinda chosabala kuti mugwire ntchito ndipo musaloledwe kulowa kapena kutuluka mwakufuna kwanu. Ngati zinthu zikufunika kuperekedwa, zikhoza kudutsa pawindo laling'ono.
5. Ngati choziziritsa mpweya chiyenera kuikidwa mu chipinda chosabala, payenera kukhala chipangizo chosefera.
Zofunikira za Disinfection ndi Sterilization
Glassware, ziwiya zitsulo ndi chikhalidwe TV ntchitokuyesa kwa microbiological, zikhalidwe zoipitsidwa ndi zotsekemera, ndi zina zotero ziyenera kutsekedwa musanagwiritse ntchito. Kutentha kowuma ndi njira zochepetsera kutentha kwamadzi.
1. Kukonzekera musanatseke
(1) Zinthu zonse zomwe ziyenera kutsukidwa ziyenera kutsukidwa ndikuumitsidwa kaye. Zovala zamagalasi monga udzu ndi mbale zophwanyika ziyenera kudzazidwa ndi mapepala mwamphamvu. Ngati machubu achitsulo agwiritsidwa ntchito, mabowo olowera mpweya ayenera kutsegulidwa.
(2) Manga choyimitsira botolo la katatu chomwe chili ndi sing'anga ya chikhalidwe m'mapepala, kuphimba chubu choyesera, ndikutulutsa pakati pa syringe, ndikukulunga ndi gauze.
2. kukhazikitsa
(1) Chowumitsa chowumitsa kutentha: Zinthuzo zisachuluke ndipo sizingakhudze makoma anayi a bokosilo.
(2) Chachikulu - Chophika chophikira nthunzi: Ikani zinthu zosawilitsidwa, zikulungani padera, ndi kuziyika mwachindunji mu silinda yotsekera. Osachulutsa zinthu.
3. Kuwunika kwa zida
(1) Onani ngati chosinthira chitseko chikhoza kusinthasintha, ngati mphete ya rabara yawonongeka komanso ngati ili yathyathyathya.
(2) Onani ngati mphamvu yopimira imakhala paziro pamene nthunzi yatha, tsekani chitseko ndi chivundikiro, tsegulani mpweya kapena kutentha, ndipo muwone ngati mpweya watuluka, ngati pali zinthu zimene zimadziwika ndi kupima mphamvu ndi thermometer, ndiponso ngati payipi yatsekeka.
(3) For sterilizers with automatic electronic program control devices, the specified program should be checked before use to see whether it meets the requirements for sterilization.
4. Chithandizo chotsekereza
(1) Njira yowumitsa kutentha:
Njirayi ndi yoyenera kuzinthu zomwe sizikuwononga, kuwonongeka, kapena kutuluka nthunzi pansi pa kutentha kouma. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochotsa magalasi, zinthu zachitsulo, zinthu za ceramic, ndi zina zambiri.
①Zida ndi ziwiya ziyenera kutsukidwa musanawume-kuphika kuti dothi lomwe lili pamwamba lisakhale ndi mpweya.
② Pakutsekereza, zinthuzo zisadzachuluke, osalumikizana mwachindunji pansi ndi khoma la bokosilo, ndikusiya mipata pakati pa zinthu.
③ Panthawi yotseketsa, tsekani chitseko mwamphamvu, gwirizanitsani magetsi, tsegulani dzenje la mpweya kwa mphindi pafupifupi 30 kuti muchotse mpweya wozizira mu sterilizer, sinthani kuwala kwa chizindikiro pamene kutentha kumakwera kufika 160 ° C, ndikusunga kwa maola 1.5 mpaka 2.
④Kutsekera kukamalizidwa kapena panthawi ya kutentha, chitseko chiyenera kutsegulidwa pansi pa 60 ° C.
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① Onjezani 3L yamadzi pamutu waukulu wa chophikira chopondera, ndi 16L yamadzi ku chophika choyimirira (kuchuluka kwa madzi kuyenera kuwonjezeredwa akagwiritsidwanso ntchito, ndipo madziwo amayenera kusinthidwa ngati achita chipwirikiti);
② Pa chophikira chosavuta kunyamula, ikani chitoliro chopopera pamwamba pa chivundikiro chapamwamba mu chubu chapakati pakhoma la mbiya yotsekera (zosungunulira zopanda mapaipi kapena zokhala ndi payipi zong'ambika siziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito);
③ Phimbani chivundikiro chapamwamba ndikuchilimbitsa mwamphamvu kuti mupewe kutuluka kwa mpweya; ikani chowumitsa pamoto kuti chitenthe, yatsani mphamvu ya chophikira chowotcha, ndikutsegula valavu yotulutsa mpweya pamwamba pa chivundikiro kuti mpweya utuluke (kutulutsa mpweya kwa mphindi 10 mpaka 15 madzi atawira) );
④ Tsekani valavu yotulutsa mpweya kuti mukweze kuthamanga kwa nthunzi pazomwe zafotokozedwa ndikuzisunga kwa nthawi yodziwika (kutengera mtundu wa zinthu zosawilitsidwa ndi zochitika zoyenera);
⑤ Pambuyo pa nthawi yoikidwiratu, pazinthu zomwe ziyenera kuuma, nthawi yomweyo mutsegule valve yotulutsa mpweya kuti mutulutse nthunzi. Kuthamanga kukabwerera ku ziro, kuziziziritsa mwachibadwa mpaka 60 ° C ndiyeno tsegulani chivindikiro kuti mutulutse zinthuzo. Ngati ndi chinthu chamadzimadzi, musatsegule valve yotulutsa mpweya. Mphika uyenera kuchotsedwa ku gwero la kutentha nthawi yomweyo ndikuloledwa kuti uzizizira mwachibadwa mpaka kukakamiza kubwereranso ku ziro ndipo kutentha kumatsika pansi pa 60 ° C musanatsegule chivindikiro kuti mutulutse zomwe zili mkati kuti muteteze kuwonongeka kwadzidzidzi kwamadzimadzi kuchokera kuwira kapena kuphulika kwa chidebecho.
(3) Tsatirani izi kuti mugwiritse ntchito chowumitsa chowotcha chopingasa chopingasa chophikira:
① Tsekani chitseko champhika mwamphamvu, tsegulani valavu yolowera mpweya, yambitsani nthunzi mu mezzanine kuti muyambe kutentha, ndipo mpweya wozizira wa mezzanine umangotulutsidwa kudzera pa chotchinga mpweya;
②After the interlayer reaches the predetermined temperature, open the air inlet valve of the pot chamber, introduce the steam into the pot chamber, and the cold air in the pot chamber will be automatically discharged through the pot chamber air arrester;
③Pamene kukanikiza ndi kutentha m'chipinda champhika kukafika kukakamiza komweku, sinthani valavu yolowera mpweya kuti ikhale yosasinthasintha;
④ Muziziziritsa kutentha mwachilengedwe kapena mongoyerekeza mpaka 60 ℃ musanatsegule chitseko kuti mutulutse zinthuzo. Osagwiritsa ntchito njira yothamangitsira mwachangu kuti mupewe kuthamanga kwadzidzidzi, kuwira kwamphamvu kwamadzimadzi kapena kuphulika kwa chidebecho;
⑤ Mukamagwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu yodziwikiratu-yowongolera kuthamanga kwa nthunzi yoziziritsa kukhosi, mutayika zinthuzo ndikutseka chitseko mwamphamvu, chosinthira chofananiracho chiyenera kukanikizidwa molingana ndi gulu la zinthuzo kuti kutsekereza kutha kuchitika molingana ndi njira zomwe zimafunikira. Panthawi yotseketsa, chida cholumikizidwa chiyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kujambula kutentha ndi nthawi. Kuti mudziwe zamtsogolo, zofunikira zogwirira ntchito ziyenera kukhala zogwirizana ndi malangizo a wopanga;
5. Kutsekereza kutentha ndi nthawi
(1) Sterilization kutentha youma kutentha sterilizer ndi 160 ℃, 1.5 ~ 2h.
(2) Kutentha kotsekereza ndi nthawi yamphamvu yowumitsa nthunzi
Njira yotseketsa pakanthawi
1. Njira yotsekera:
Gwiritsani ntchito sterilization ya nthunzi popanda kukakamizidwa. Zinthu zina zimaonongeka mosavuta ndi kutsekereza kwamphamvu kwa nthunzi, kotero njira iyi itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito potsekereza.
(1) Ikani zinthu zoti zichotsedwe mumphika, phimbani chivundikiro chapamwamba, tsegulani potulutsa madzi, ndi kukhetsa madzi otsala mumphikawo.
(2) Tsekani potulukira, tsegulani chitseko cholowera mpweya, ndi kuthira tizilombo kwa mphindi 10 mpaka 20 ngati pakufunika kutero.
(3) Pambuyo potseketsa, tsekani chitseko cholowera mpweya, chotsani zinthuzo ndikudikirira kuti zizizire mpaka kutentha kwa chipinda, ziike mu chofungatira cha 37°C usiku wonse, ndipo pitirizani kuthirira motsatira njira yomwe ili pamwambayi tsiku lotsatira. Chitani izi katatu kuti mukwaniritse cholinga chotsekereza.
2. Momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito serum coagulator:
Pamene chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe chili ndi zinthu zapadera monga seramu kapena mazira, kutentha kwakukulu kumawononga zakudya zake. Chifukwa chake, kutentha pang'ono kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kupangira seramu ndikukwaniritsa zolinga zotseketsa:
(1) Mukamagwiritsa ntchito seramu yotsekedwa ndi njira iyi kuti aliquot, maopaleshoni a aseptic ayenera kutsatiridwa mosamalitsa, ndipo machubu oyesera ndi mbale ziyeneranso kutsekedwa musanagwiritse ntchito;
(2) Pangani chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe kukhala malo otsetsereka kapena okwera ngati pakufunika. Mukathira madzi okwanira, gwirizanitsani magetsi, kwezani kutentha kwa 75 ~ 90 ° C kwa ola limodzi ndikusakaniza. Ikani mu chofungatira cha 37 ° C usiku wonse, ndiyeno musiye katatu.
3. Wiritsani ndi kupha tizilombo:
Mukhoza kugwiritsa ntchito mphika wowira kapena sterilizer. Madzi akawira, wiritsani kwa mphindi 5 mpaka 15. Mukhozanso kuwonjezera 2% carbolic acid m'madzi ndikuphika kwa mphindi zisanu. Onjezani 0.02% formaldehyde ndikuphika pa 80 ° C kwa mphindi 60 kuti mukwaniritse cholinga chotseketsa. Komabe, kuthirira kowiritsa kumatha kutheka. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito zowonjezera, ziyenera kukumbukiridwa pakuwonongeka kwa zinthu.
4. Chithandizo chotsekereza:
Pambuyo pochotsa choletsa, zinthu zimakhala kale zosabala ngati zili bwino. Ayenera kuyang'aniridwa mosamala ndi kuikidwa pamene achotsedwa mu sterilizer kuti apewe kuipitsidwanso;
(1) Chotsani zinthuzo ndikuwona kukhulupirika kwa paketiyo nthawi yomweyo. Ngati pali kuwonongeka kapena tampon yachotsedwa, singagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zinthu zosabala;
(2) Zinthu zomwe zatulutsidwa sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zinthu zopanda pake ngati zoyikapo zawo mwachiwonekere zanyowa m'madzi;
(3) Sing'anga chikhalidwe kapena reagents ayenera kufufuzidwa kuti awone ngati kukumana mtundu kapena boma pambuyo yolera yotseketsa. Amene sakukwaniritsa zofunikira ayenera kutayidwa;
(4) Kwa zotsegula-tseka zotengera, mabowo a skrini ayenera kutsekedwa powatulutsa;
(5) Ngati zinthu zomwe zachotsedwazo zigwera pansi, zatayika pamalo odetsedwa, kapena zodetsedwa ndi madzi, zimaonedwa kuti ndi zoipitsidwa ndipo sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zinthu zosabala;
(6) Zinthu zoyengedwa bwino zomwe zatulutsidwa ziyenera kusungidwa m'chipinda chosungiramo kapena fumbi-kabati yowona, ndipo ndizoletsedwa kusakaniza ndi zinthu zosaseweretsa;
(7) Zinthu zonse zoyenerera ziyenera kulembedwa tsiku lotsekera ndi tsiku lotha ntchito;
(8) Gulu lililonse la njira zotsekera likamalizidwa, lembani dzina, kuchuluka, kutentha, nthawi, ndi wogwiritsa ntchito zoletsa.
Zofunikira pochiza zinyalala zapoizoni ndi mabakiteriya
Experimental equipment and cultures used in microbiological experiments must not be taken out of the laboratory without disinfection.
1. Zinthu zoipitsidwa ndi zinyalala zomwe zakonzedwa ziyenera kuikidwa muzotengera zothina kwambiri kapena madengu a waya ndikusungidwa pakati pa malo osankhidwa mpaka zitapangidwa mofanana.
2. Zikhalidwe zoipitsidwa ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ziyenera kukhala autoclaved pa 121 ° C kwa mphindi 30.
3. Mukagwiritsidwa ntchito, udzu woipitsidwa uyenera kuikidwa mu 5% creol soap solution kapena carbolic acid solution, zoviikidwa kwa maola osachepera 24 (mankhwala ophera tizilombo sayenera kukhala otsika kusiyana ndi kutalika kwake), ndiyeno amatsukidwa ndi kuthamanga kwambiri pa 121 ° C kwa mphindi 30.
4. Madzi akuthirira ndi kutsuka zopaka amatha kuponyedwa mu ngalande. Madzi ochapira a mabakiteriya owopsa ayenera kuponyedwa mu beaker ndi kutsekedwa ndi kuthamanga kwambiri asanatsanulidwe mu ngalande. Zithunzi zodetsedwa zimayikidwa mu 5% sopo sopo solution. Mutaviika m'madzi kwa maola 24, wiritsani ndi kusamba. Ma slide kapena mbale zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa agglutination ziyenera kutsekedwa ndi kutsukidwa.
5. Mukathyola chikhalidwecho, nthawi yomweyo tsitsani ndikuviika mbali zowonongeka ndi 5% cresol sopo solution kapena carbolic acid solution, zilowerere kwa theka la ola ndikupukuta.
Zovala zantchito zomwe zili ndi kachilombo kapena zovala zantchito, zipewa, zophimba nkhope, ndi zina zotere zomwe zimavalidwa poyezetsa zachiwawa ziyenera kuikidwa m'matumba apadera ophera tizilombo toyambitsa matenda ndikumatsekeredwa ndi kuthamanga kwambiri musanachapitsidwe.
Zofunikira zokonzekera zapakati
Ubwino wa kukonzekera sing'anga chikhalidwe kudzakhudza mwachindunji kukula kwa tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, chifukwa tizilombo zosiyanasiyana ndi zofunika zakudya zosiyanasiyana ndi chikhalidwe zolinga. Zofunikira pokonzekera zamitundu yosiyanasiyana yazachikhalidwe ndi izi:
1. Yesani zosakaniza molingana ndi ndondomeko ya sing'anga, ndiyeno muzizisungunulire m'madzi osungunuka. Ubwino wa reagents ntchito ndi mankhwala ayenera anayendera pamaso ntchito.
2. Muyeso wa pH ndi kusintha: Muyeso wa pH uyenera kuchitidwa pamene chikhalidwe cha chikhalidwe chakhazikika mpaka kutentha, chifukwa pali kusiyana kwina kwa pH pansi pa kutentha kapena kuzizira. Muyezo ukatha, onjezerani alkali kapena asidi molingana ndi kuchuluka kwake ndikusakaniza bwino. Ayesedwenso. Phindu la pH la sing'anga ya chikhalidwe liyenera kukhala lolondola, mwinamwake lidzakhudza kukula kwa tizilombo toyambitsa matenda kapena kukhudza kuwonetsetsa kwa zotsatira. Komabe, ziyenera kudziwidwa kuti -kutsekereza kwamphamvu kumatha kukhudza kutsika kapena kuchulukira kwa pH ya media zachikhalidwe, chifukwa chake sikoyenera kutseketsa pampanipani kwambiri kapena nthawi zambiri kuti tipewe kusokoneza chikhalidwe cha sing'anga. Zizindikiro, sodium deoxycholate, agar, ndi zina zambiri zimawonjezera pambuyo posintha pH.
3. Sing'anga ya chikhalidwe iyenera kukhala yomveka bwino kuti muwonetsetse kukula kwa bakiteriya. Sing'angayo ikatenthedwa ndikuwiritsa, imatha kusefedwa ndi thonje kapena flannel kuti muchotse matope. Ngati ndi kotheka, zikhoza kufotokozedwa ndi dzira loyera. Nsalu za agar zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ziyenera kutsukidwa ndikuwumitsidwa pasadakhale. Musanagwiritse ntchito, pewani kukhudza kuwonekera chifukwa cha zonyansa mu agar.
4. Chitsulo, mkuwa ndi zotengera zina zisagwiritsidwe ntchito posungira chikhalidwe. Ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito zotengera zagalasi zolimba zoyera.
5. Kutseketsa kwa sing'anga ya chikhalidwe sikungoyenera kukwaniritsa cholinga cha kutsekereza kwathunthu, komanso kusamala kuti musachepetse kufunikira kwake kwa zakudya chifukwa cha kutentha. Nthawi zambiri, 121 ° C kwa mphindi 15 ndikwanira. Kwa media media okhala ndi zinthu zomwe sizilolera kutentha kwambiri monga shuga ndi seramu, gelatin, ndi zina zotere, ziyenera kutsekedwa ndi kutentha pang'ono kapena njira yapakatikati. Ma reagents ena omwe sangathe kutenthedwa, monga potaziyamu tellurite, yolk ya dzira, TTC, maantibayotiki, ndi zina zotero, ayenera kuziziritsa pafupifupi 50 ° C pambuyo pa agar woyambirira ndi autoclaved ndikuwonjezeredwa;
6. Gulu lililonse la media media likakonzedwa, kuyezetsa kakulidwe kowuma ndi kuyezetsa kakulidwe koyesedwa kayenera kuchitidwa. Ngati ndi biochemical Culture sing'anga, gwiritsani ntchito mitundu yofananira ya bakiteriya poyikira ndi chikhalidwe, ndikuwona zotsatira zake. Iyenera kuwonetsa zomwe zimachitika. Sing'anga ya chikhalidwe sayenera kusungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali. Ngati ndi kotheka, ikhoza kusungidwa mufiriji ya 4 ° C.
7. Pakali pano, pali mitundu yambiri ya media media owuma. Gulu lililonse liyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mitundu yofananira poyesa kukula kapena kuwunika kwa biochemical reaction. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana yazachikhalidwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pokhapokha kuyesa kwa kukula kwa mitundu yofananirako kuli bwino. Zangogulidwa kumene kapena zouma zomwe zasungidwa kwa nthawi yayitali zitha kugwiritsidwa ntchito. PH ya sing'anga ya chikhalidwe iyeneranso kuyesedwa pokonzekera, ndipo mlingo ndi njira ziyenera kutsatiridwa motsatira malangizo a mankhwala.
8. Ma reagents amankhwala, zoletsa zoletsa, zotsatira za kukula kwa zovuta, ndi ogwira ntchito opanga omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pagulu lililonse lazofalitsa zachikhalidwe zokonzedwa ziyenera kujambulidwa kuti zifufuzidwe.
Zofunikira pakusonkhanitsa ndi kukonza zitsanzo
1. Zitsanzo zoyendera zomwe zasonkhanitsidwa ziyenera kukhala zoyimira. Posankha, zopangira, kukonza, mayendedwe, njira zosungiramo ndi momwe chakudya chimakhalira, malo ozungulira thanzi la chilengedwe, ndi zina zotero ziyenera kufufuzidwa mwatsatanetsatane kuti muwone ngati pali magwero oipitsidwa.
2. Malingana ndi mtundu ndi kuchuluka kwa chakudya, kuchuluka kwa zitsanzo ndi njira ziyenera kuchitidwa molingana ndi zofunikira za njira zoyendera.
3. Samalani ntchito ya aseptic poyesa, ndipo chidebecho chiyenera kutsekedwa kuti zisaipitsidwe ndi tizilombo toyambitsa matenda. Chidebecho sichiyenera kutsekedwa ndi sopo wa creosal, kutseketsa ndi chlormethionine, mowa ndi mankhwala ena ophera tizilombo, komanso chisakhale ndi mankhwala ophera tizilombo kapena maantibayotiki. Pofuna kupewa kupha tizilombo tating'onoting'ono, lumo, mipeni, ndi spoons zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ziyeneranso kutsekedwa musanagwiritse ntchito.
4. Zitsanzo ziyenera kutumizidwa ku chipinda choyendera kuti akawonedwe mwamsanga pambuyo pa kusonkhanitsa. Kuyendera nthawi zambiri sikudutsa maola atatu. Ngati mtunda uli wautali, ukhoza kusungidwa m'malo a 1 ~ 5 ℃. Ngati ikufunika kuzizira, iyenera kusungidwa mufiriji. Tumizani kuti mukawunikenso.
5. Pambuyo polandira chitsanzo, chipinda choyendera chidzalembetsa (dzina lachitsanzo, gawo loyang'anira, kuchuluka, tsiku, nambala, ndi zina zotero) ndikuwona maonekedwe a chitsanzo. Ngati chimodzi mwazinthu zotsatirazi chipezeka, kuyezetsako kungakanidwe:
(1) Zitsanzo zomwe zatsekedwa ndi kuthamanga kwapadera, kuwira kapena njira zina zidzataya kufunikira kwake poimira chakudya choyambirira;
(2) Mabotolo ndi matumba a chakudya atsegulidwa, nyama yophika ndi mankhwala ake, nkhuku yophika ndi zakudya zina zathyoledwa ndi zosakwanira, ndiko kuti, mawonekedwe oyambirira a chakudya atayika (kupatulapo zitsanzo za poizoni wa chakudya);
(3) Kuchuluka kwachitsanzo sikukwanira monga kumafunikira;
Pazitsanzo zomwe zaperekedwa kuti ziwunikidwe zomwe zikugwirizana ndi zofunikira, chipinda choyendera chiyenera kuyang'anitsitsa nthawi yomweyo chikalandira. Ngati zikhalidwe sizikukwaniritsidwa, ziyenera kusungidwa mufiriji ya 4 ° C, kukonzekera kupanga zinthu panthawi yake, ndikuwunika.
6. Poyang'ana zitsanzo, chitani ndondomeko yoyenera malinga ndi katundu wawo wosiyana.
(1) Pothira zitsanzo zamadzimadzi, ziyenera kusakanizidwa bwino ndikuthiridwa molingana ndi kuchuluka kwake.
(2) Pazitsanzo zolimba, gwiritsani ntchito mpeni wosabala kuti mudule 25g ya zigawo zosiyanasiyana, kuziyika mu 225mL ya saline wosabala kapena mankhwala ena, phwanyani ndi kusakaniza ndi homogenizer, ndikuyika molingana ndi kuchuluka kwake.
(3) Mabotolo ndi matumba a chakudya ayenera kutsegulidwa ndi njira yotseketsa, ndipo njira zomwe zili pamwambazi ziyenera kusankhidwa molingana ndi makhalidwe ake asanalowemo.
Kuwunika kwachitsanzo, kujambula ndi kupereka malipoti
1. Pambuyo polandira chitsanzocho, chipinda choyendera chidzayamba kuyang'ana maonekedwe ndikuyendetsa mwamsanga kufufuza motsatira njira zoyendera dziko lonse. Panthawi yoyendera, maopaleshoni a aseptic ayenera kuchitidwa mosamala, mosamala, komanso mosamalitsazotsatira za mayeso a microbialkuipitsidwa kwa chilengedwe.
2. Njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito panthawi yowunikira zitsanzo, zochitika ndi zotsatira zomwe zinachitika, ndi zina zotero ziyenera kulembedwa m'mabuku oyesera olembedwa monga maziko a kufufuza ndi chiweruzo cha zotsatira. Zolembazo ziyenera kukhala zatsatanetsatane, zomveka, zowona, zolinga, ndipo zisasinthidwe kapena kunyengedwa.
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